Genetics

K-ras mutations in 39-59%. Increases to 50-

83% in patients with abnormal

pancreaticobiliary duct junction.

􀂄 P53 abnormalities are seen in 35-92% of GB

cancers.(S. Misra et al, Eur J Surg Oncol 26, 2000).

􀂄 Over-expression of p53 is associated with grade,

stage and presence of gallstones.